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Scazzocchio Fungal Biology and Zebularine chemical information Biotechnology 2014, 1:7 http://www.fungalbiolbiotech.com/content/1/1/REVIEWOpen AccessFungal biology in the post-genomic eraClaudio Scazzocchio1,AbstractIn this review I give a personal perspective of how fungal biology has changed since I started my Ph. D. in 1963. At that time we were working in the shadow of the birth of molecular biology as an autonomous and reductionistic discipline, embodied in Crick’s central dogma. This first period was methodologically characterised by the fact that we knew what genes were, but we could not access them directly. This radically changed in the 70s-80s when gene cloning, reverse genetics and DNA sequencing become possible. The “next generation” sequencing techniques have produced a further qualitative revolutionary change. The ready access to genomes and transcriptomes of any microbial organism allows old questions to be asked in a radically different way and new questions to be approached. I provide examples chosen somewhat arbitrarily to illustrate some of these changes, from applied aspects to fundamental problems such as the origin of fungal specific genes, the evolutionary history of genes clusters and the realisation of the pervasiveness of horizontal transmission. Finally, I address how the ready availability of genomes and transcriptomes could change the status of model organisms.Looking back in awe We enter the post-genomic era when it is simpler and cheaper to re-sequence a whole genome to identify a point mutation rather than follow the classical path of genetic mapping and subsequent gene cloning and sequencing. We are already there. I started working with fungi in the autumn of 1963, which I realise with horror is already more than fifty years ago. It was not my intention to work with a fungus, but to work on the control of gene expression in any appropriate organism. I had discovered the operon model through improbable circumstances that took me to the International Congress of Biochemistry in Moscow in 1961, where Fran is Jacob gave one of the main lectures. PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26437915 What fascinated me and determined my subsequent scientific quest was the logical process by which a regulation circuit could be constructed through dominance and epistasis relationships; the formal correctness of the circuit being independent of its material basis. Even more improbable circumstances landed me in Cambridge, where John Pateman and David Cove were investigating the regulation of nitrate assimilation in Aspergillus nidulans, two of a handful of scientists workingCorre.