Esearch, Minneapolis, MN, USA. 3PPD, Richmond, VA, USA. 4Edenridge Associates LLCEsearch, Minneapolis, MN, USA. 3PPD,

Esearch, Minneapolis, MN, USA. 3PPD, Richmond, VA, USA. 4Edenridge Associates LLC
Esearch, Minneapolis, MN, USA. 3PPD, Richmond, VA, USA. 4Edenridge Associates LLC, Wilmington, DE, USA. 5Trevi Therapeutics, 195 Church Street, 14th Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.Hawi et al. BMC Nephrology (2015) 16:Web page 10 ofReceived: 15 August 2014 Accepted: 31 MarchReferences 1. Mathur VS, Lindberg J, Germain M, Block G, Tumlin J, Smith M, et al. A longitudinal study of uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(8):1410. two. Pisoni RL, Wikstrom B, Elder SJ, Akizawa T, Asano Y, Keen ML, et al. Pruritus in haemodialysis sufferers: International benefits from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(12):349505. 3. Narita I, Alchi B, Omori K, Sato F, Ajiro J, Saga D, et al. Etiology and prognostic significance of severe uremic pruritus in chronic hemodialysis individuals. Kidney Int. 2006;69(9):16262. 4. Manenti L, Tansinda P, Vaglio A. Uraemic pruritus: clinical characteristics, pathophysiology and therapy. Drugs. 2009;69(three):2513. 5. Mettang M, Weisshaar E. Pruritus: control of itch in patients undergoing dialysis. Skin SIRT3 Biological Activity therapy Lett. 2010;15(two):1. 6. Mettang T, Kremer AE: Uremic pruritus. Kidney Int 2014. Jan eight. doi:ten.1038/ki.2013.454. 7. Legroux-Crespel E, Cledes J, Misery L. A comparative study on the effects of naltrexone and loratadine on uremic pruritus. Dermatology. 2004;208(four):3260. 8. Patel TS, Freedman BI, Yosipovitch G. An update on pruritus linked with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(1):110. 9. Paus R, Schmelz M, Biro T, Steinhoff M. Frontiers in pruritus research: scratching the brain for far more effective itch therapy. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(5):11746. 10. Umeuchi H, Togashi Y, Honda T, Nakao K, Okano K, Tanaka T, et al. Involvement of central mu-opioid program within the scratching behavior in mice, plus the suppression of it by the activation of kappa-opioid method. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;477(1):295. 11. Kumagai H, Saruta T, Matsukawa S, Utsumi J. Prospects for any novel kappa-opioid receptor agonist, TRK-820, in uremic pruritus. In: Itch, Simple Mechanisms and Therapy. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2004. 12. Pan ZZ. mu-Opposing actions on the kappa-opioid receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1998;19(three):94. 13. Schmelz M. Itch and pain. Dermatol Ther. 2005;18(4):304. 14. Kumagai H, Ebata T, Takamori K, Muramatsu T, Nakamoto H, Suzuki H. Impact of a novel kappa-receptor agonist, nalfurafine hydrochloride, on serious itch in 337 haemodialysis sufferers: a Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(4):1251. 15. Wikstrom B, Gellert R, Ladefoged SD, Danda Y, Akai M, Ide K, et al. Kappaopioid system in uremic pruritus: multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical research. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(12):3742. 16. Peer G, Kivity S, Agami O, Fireman E, Silverberg D, Blum M, et al. Randomised crossover trial of naltrexone in uraemic pruritus. Lancet. 1996;348(9041):1552. 17. Gutstein H, Akil H. Chapter 23: Opioid analgesics. In: The pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2001. p. 599. 18. Nalbuphine HCl Injection Resolution. Labelling Details, Hospira, Inc. Lake PI3KC2β manufacturer Forest, IL. October 2007. 19. Cohen SE, Ratner EF, Kreitzman TR, Archer JH, Mignano LR. Nalbuphine is superior than naloxone for remedy of unwanted effects immediately after epidural morphine. Anesth Analg. 1992;75(5):7472. 20. Liao CC, Chang CS, Tseng CH, Sheen MJ, Tsai SC, Chang YL, et al. Efficacy of intramuscular nalb.