E PRE algae10.14 — –Table 1. Dichloromethane (DCM), formic acid (HCOOH, 98 ), palladium

E PRE algae10.14 — –Table 1. Dichloromethane (DCM), formic acid (HCOOH, 98 ), palladium nitrate [Pd(NO3)2], and Pd/C, Pt/C, Rh/C and Ru/C (all elemental content material of five ) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. Absolute ethanol and anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) had been purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. All reagents have been analytically pure (AR grade) and utilized straight with out any purication.Each and every experiment was repeated twice, plus the average values on the oil yields have been reported. The experimental procedures are illustrated in Fig. 1, and the formulas for the oil and coke yields are given as follows: weight of bio-oil Xoil yield t 100 (1) weight of algae powder2.2. Experimental process 2.two.1. Synthesis of Pd/HZSM-5. HZSM-5 (Si/Al ratio of 80) was synthesized in accordance with our prior strategy.9 An aqueous option of Pd(NO3)2 (0.six g, 15 mg g) and 0.3 g of HZSM-5 were added to a beaker with 10 ml of water. The mixture was stirred at area temperature for 24 h. Then, the solution was placed in an oven at 120 C for ten h. The dry powder was washed with water and ltered. Aer ltering, the catalyst was calcined in H2 at 400 C for 4 h. 2.two.two. Extraction procedure. Five g algae in addition to a specific level of solvent had been added inside a ask having a condensate pipe or a Soxhlet extractor. Then, the ask was heated towards the setting temperature. Aer the reaction was completed, the goods have been ltered, and also the liquid was evaporated at 60 C to get rid of the solvent; then, the bio-oil solution was obtained. For MgSO4 extraction, five g algae, five g MgSO4 and 100 ml ethanol have been added inside a ask. Aer reaction was completed, the solutions were ltered; the liquid was evaporated at 60 C to remove the solvent, along with the solid was added to a beaker with one hundred ml water. Aer 20 min ultrasonic remedy, the strong was ltered and dried at 50 C below vacuum situations. The residual algae had been named as PRE algae, which indicated that the samples were pretreated algae. Aer MgSO4 extraction, we obtained four.1 g PRE algae (yield 82 ). EA outcomes of PRE algae and oil yield and EA outcomes of bio-oil aer MgSO4 extraction are also shown in Table 1. two.two.three. Hydrothermal liquefaction. A 304-stainless steel reactor having a volume of 30 mL was bought from the Yantai Muping Shuguang precision instrument factory. Algae (0.five g), HCOOH, water, and 0.01 g with the catalyst have been added towards the reactor.SPARC Protein Source Then, the reactor was placed inside a salt bath consisting of sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, and potassium nitrate within the mass ratio 40 : 7 : 53.PSMA Protein Synonyms 14 The reaction was carried out at 380 C for 2 h.PMID:23892407 Aer it was completed, the reactor was quenched with cool water for 40 min. DCM (150 ml) and absolute ethanol (50 ml) have been utilised to wash the reactor in order that each of the products could possibly be washed out. The mixture was ltered by a membrane with an aperture of 0.45 mm. Aer ltering, the solution was dried with 2 g of MgSO4. Aer an additional membrane ltration, the solvent was evaporated at 60 C, and also the bio-oil item was obtained.two.3. Characterization approaches 2.3.1. Elemental evaluation. The elemental compositions (C, H, and N) of spirulina and bio-oil have been determined applying a Vario EL III instrument. For every experiment, the oils obtained from two parallel experiments have been mixed to obtain the outcomes. HHV was estimated employing the Dulong formula:eight HHV (MJ kg) 0.338C + 1.423H 0.154O 0.145N, (2) O 100 C H N (3)Right here, C, H, N, and O would be the weight percentages of each and every atom inside the bio-oil. two.3.two. GC-MS evaluation.